Malcolm X ( May 19, 1925 – February 21, 1965), born Malcolm Little and also known as El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz was an African-American Muslim minister, public speaker, and human rights activist.To his admirers, he was a courageous advocate for the rights of African Americans, a man who indicted white America in the harshest terms for its crimes against black Americans. His detractors accused him of preaching racism, black supremacy, antisemitism, and violence. He has been called one of the greatest and most influential African Americans in history, and in 1998, Time named The Autobiography of Malcolm X one of the ten most influential nonfiction books of the 20th century.

Malcolm X was born in Omaha, Nebraska. The events of his childhood, including his father's lessons concerning black pride and self-reliance, and his own experiences concerning race played a significant role in Malcolm X's adult life. By the time he was thirteen, his father had died and his mother had been committed to a mental hospital. After living in a series of foster homes, Malcolm X became involved in a number of criminal activities in Boston and New York City. In 1946, Malcolm X was sentenced to eight to ten years in prison.

While in prison, Malcolm X became a member of the Nation of Islam, and after his parole in 1952 he became one of the Nation's leaders and chief spokesmen. For nearly a dozen years he was the public face of the controversial group. Tension between Malcolm X and Elijah Muhammad, head of the Nation of Islam, led to Malcolm X's quitting the organization in March 1964. He subsequently traveled extensively throughout Africa and the Middle East and founded Muslim Mosque, Inc., a religious organization, and the secular Organization of Afro-American Unity, which advocated Pan-Africanism. Less than a year after he left the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X was assassinated by three members of the group while giving a speech in New York.

The beliefs expressed by Malcolm X changed during his lifetime. As a spokesman for the Nation of Islam he taught black supremacy and deified the leaders of the organization. He also advocated the separation of black and white Americans, which put him at odds with the civil rights movement, which was working towards integration. After he left the Nation of Islam in 1964, Malcolm X became a Sunni Muslim, made the pilgrimage to Mecca and disavowed racism, while remaining a champion of black self-determination, self defense, and human rights. He expressed a willingness to work with civil rights leaders and described his previous position with the Nation of Islam as that of a "zombie".

Description above from the Wikipedia article Malcolm X, licensed under CC-BY-SA, full list of contributors on Wikipedia.

Malcolm Little, connu sous le nom de Malcolm X, également connu sous le nom d'El-Hajj Malek El-Shabazz, né le 19 mai 1925 à Omaha (Nebraska) et mort assassiné le 21 février 1965 à Harlem (État de New York), est un orateur, prêcheur, porte-parole de la Nation of Islam, militant politique et défenseur des droits de l'homme afro-américain.

Après avoir été une voix majeure du nationalisme afro-américain et de Nation of Islam, il quitte ce dernier en 1964 pour rejoindre l'Islam sunnite et embrasser des vues plus universalistes, et devenir une figure de proue du mouvement des droits civiques aux États-Unis.

Dans les derniers mois de sa vie, il appelle à une unité des divers mouvements des droits civiques et se rapproche d'autres leaders afro-américains comme le pasteur baptiste Martin Luther King, John Lewis président du Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) ou encore Fannie Lou Hamer, icône charismatique du Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party. En janvier 1965, lors d'une réunion du Congress of Racial Equality, il appelle à soutenir tout mouvement œuvrant pour les droits civiques.

Malcolm X est l'une des quatre grandes icônes des mouvements afro-américains pour abolir les discriminations raciales aux États-Unis avec Rosa Parks, Daisy Bates et Martin Luther King pour la période qui va de 1954 à 1965. Au contraire des trois autres, il suscite la polémique, certains l'aiment, l'adulent et en font un héros exemplaire de la cause des Afro-Américains, tandis que d'autres le haïssent en font un traître qui a mérité son assassinat du 21 février 1965.

Dans certains États depuis 1979, le Malcolm X Day est un jour férié aux États-Unis.